ACL Reconstruction Surgery in India – Evidence-Based Overview
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common causes of knee instability among active individuals in India. ACL reconstruction is a proven surgical procedure aimed at restoring knee stability, function, and long-term joint health.
This page presents an evidence-based overview of ACL reconstruction in the Indian population, focusing on surgical decision-making, outcomes, and recovery.
When Is ACL Reconstruction Required?
ACL reconstruction is typically advised when:
- Knee instability affects daily activity or sports
- Recurrent giving-way episodes occur
- Associated meniscal or cartilage injury is present
- Conservative treatment has failed
In India, delayed presentation is common, increasing the risk of secondary knee damage.
Surgical Techniques Used in ACL Reconstruction
Modern ACL reconstruction is performed arthroscopically using minimally invasive techniques. The procedure involves:
- Removal of the torn ligament
- Graft placement through anatomically positioned tunnels
- Secure fixation to restore biomechanical stability
Technique selection depends on patient anatomy, activity level, and injury pattern.
ACL Graft Options Commonly Used in India
- Hamstring tendon graft
- Patellar tendon graft (BTB)
- Quadriceps tendon graft
- Allograft (select cases)
Each graft option has specific advantages and limitations. Graft choice should be individualized rather than standardized.
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Successful ACL reconstruction depends as much on rehabilitation compliance as on surgical technique.
✓ Typical Recovery Milestones
Walking without support:
2–4 weeks
Strength recovery:
3–4 months
Return to sports:
8–12 months (criteria-based)
Note: Poor rehab adherence is a major contributor to graft failure in Indian patients.
Outcomes of ACL Reconstruction in Indian Patients
When performed with:
- Proper patient selection
- Anatomical technique
- Structured rehabilitation
ACL reconstruction demonstrates:
High functional recovery
Low revision rates
Durable knee stability
Long-term outcomes depend on activity modification and compliance.
Revision ACL Reconstruction
Revision surgery may be required due to:
- Graft rupture
- Tunnel malposition
- Premature return to sport
- Poor rehabilitation adherence
Revision ACL surgery is technically demanding and requires careful planning.
Conclusion
ACL reconstruction in India has evolved significantly with modern arthroscopic techniques. Optimal outcomes depend on surgical precision, rehabilitation discipline, and realistic expectations.
This page is intended to provide clarity for patients and referring clinicians seeking evidence-based understanding of ACL reconstruction.
